"From the Test-Tube to the Patient"

University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University

New Additions     Fungal Biofilms

1. Ghannoum, O., J. R. Evans, W. S. Chow, T. J. Andrews, J. P. Conroy, and C. S. von. 2005. Faster Rubisco is the key to superior nitrogen-use efficiency in NADP-malic enzyme relative to NAD-malic enzyme C4 grasses. Plant Physiol 137:638-650.

      2.             Mukherjee, P. K., D. J. Sheehan, C. A. Hitchcock, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2005. Combination treatment of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:163-194.

      3.   Pultz, N. J., U. Stiefel, M. Ghannoum, M. S. Helfand, and C. J. Donskey. 2005. Effect of parenteral antibiotic administration on establishment of intestinal colonization by Candida glabrata in adult mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49:438-440.

      4.   Favre, B., M. A. Ghannoum, and N. S. Ryder. 2004. Biochemical characterization of terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton rubrum isolates. Med Mycol. 42:525-529.

      5.   Foster, K. W., M. A. Ghannoum, and B. E. Elewski. 2004. Epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in the United States from 1999 to 2002. J Am Acad Dermatol 50:748-752.

      6.             Ghannoum, J. E. and P. D. Freedman . 2004. Signet-ring cell (mucin-producing) adenocarcinomas of minor salivary glands. Am J Surg.Pathol 28:89-93.

      7.             Ghannoum, J. E., R. A. DeLellis, and S. J. Shin. 2004. Primary carcinoid tumor of the prostate with concurrent adenocarcinoma: a case report. Int J Surg.Pathol 12:167-170.

      8.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. A. Hossain, L. Long, S. Mohamed, G. Reyes, and P. K. Mukherjee. 2004. Evaluation of antifungal efficacy in an optimized animal model of Trichophyton mentagrophytes-dermatophytosis. J Chemother. 16:139-144.

      9.             Ghannoum, M. A., V. Chaturvedi, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Pfaller, M. G. Rinaldi, W. Lee-Yang, and D. W. Warnock. 2004. Intra- and interlaboratory study of a method for testing the antifungal susceptibilities of dermatophytes. J Clin Microbiol 42:2977-2979.

     10.   Green, C. B., G. Cheng, J. Chandra, P. Mukherjee, M. A. Ghannoum, and L. L. Hoyer. 2004. RT-PCR detection of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in the reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) model of oral candidiasis and in model biofilms. Microbiology 150:267-275.

     11.   Hamza, N. S., M. A. Ghannoum, and H. M. Lazarus. 2004. Choices aplenty: antifungal prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 34:377-389.

     12.             Hossain, M. A., M. S. Ahmed, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2004. Attributes of Stachybotrys chartarum and its association with human disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 113:200-208.

     13.   Kuhn, D. M., P. K. Mikherjee, T. A. Clark, C. Pujol, J. Chandra, R. A. Hajjeh, D. W. Warnock, D. R. Soil, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2004. Candida parapsilosis characterization in an outbreak setting. Emerg.Infect Dis 10:1074-1081.

     14.   Kuhn, D. M. and M. A. Ghannoum. 2004. Candida biofilms: antifungal resistance and emerging therapeutic options. Curr.Opin Investig Drugs 5:186-197.

     15.   Odds, F. C., M. Motyl, R. Andrade, J. Bille, E. Canton, M. Cuenca-Estrella, A. Davidson, C. Durussel, D. Ellis, E. Foraker, A. W. Fothergill, M. A. Ghannoum, R. A. Giacobbe, M. Gobernado, R. Handke, M. Laverdiere, W. Lee-Yang, W. G. Merz, L. Ostrosky-Zeichner, J. Peman, S. Perea, J. R. Perfect, M. A. Pfaller, L. Proia, J. H. Rex, M. G. Rinaldi, J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela, W. A. Schell, C. Shields, D. A. Sutton, P. E. Verweij, and D. W. Warnock. 2004. Interlaboratory comparison of results of susceptibility testing with caspofungin against Candida and Aspergillus species. J Clin Microbiol 42:3475-3482.

     16.             Schinabeck, M. K., L. A. Long, M. A. Hossain, J. Chandra, P. K. Mukherjee, S. Mohamed, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2004. Rabbit model of Candida albicans biofilm infection: liposomal amphotericin B antifungal lock therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:1727-1732.

     17.   Shah, S. S., J. Ghannoum, A. Carness, and P. D. Freedman. 2004. Intraosseous traumatic neuroma of the maxilla after excision of giant cell granuloma: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac.Surg. 62:1161-1164.

     18.   Tang, N., L. Liu, K. Kang, P. K. Mukherjee, M. Takahara, G. Chen, T. S. McCormick, K. D. Cooper, and M. Ghannoum. 2004. Inhibition of monocytic interleukin-12 production by Candida albicans via selective activation of ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase. Infect Immun 72:2513-2520.

     19.             Troyanov, S., D. Geadah, M. Ghannoum, J. Cardinal, and M. Leblanc. 2004. Phosphate addition to hemodiafiltration solutions during continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 30:1662-1665.

     20.             Ghannoum, M., N. Isham, R. Hajjeh, M. Cano, F. Al-Hasawi, D. Yearick, J. Warner, L. Long, C. Jessup, and B. Elewski. 2003. Tinea capitis in Cleveland: survey of elementary school students. J Am Acad Dermatol 48:189-193.

     21.             Hossain, M. A., G. H. Reyes, L. A. Long, P. K. Mukherjee, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Efficacy of caspofungin combined with amphotericin B against azole-resistant Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 51:1427-1429.

     22.             Kokjohn, K., M. Bradley, B. Griffiths, and M. Ghannoum. 2003. Evaluation of in vitro activity of ciclopirox olamine, butenafine HCl and econazole nitrate against dermatophytes, yeasts and bacteria. Int J Dermatol 42 Suppl 1:11-17.

     23.   Kuhn, D. M., M. Balkis, J. Chandra, P. K. Mukherjee, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Uses and limitations of the XTT assay in studies of Candida growth and metabolism. J Clin Microbiol 41:506-508.

     24.   Kuhn, D. M. and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: infectious disease perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:144-172.

     25.             Mukherjee, P. K., J. Chandra, D. M. Kuhn, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms: phase-specific role of efflux pumps and membrane sterols. Infect Immun 71:4333-4340.

     26.             Mukherjee, P. K., S. D. Leidich, N. Isham, I. Leitner, N. S. Ryder, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Clinical Trichophyton rubrum strain exhibiting primary resistance to terbinafine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 47:82-86.

     27.             Mukherjee, P. K., J. Chandra, D. M. Kuhn, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Differential expression of Candida albicans phospholipase B (PLB1) under various environmental and physiological conditions. Microbiology 149:261-267.

     28.             Schinabeck, M. K. and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Human hyalohyphomycoses: a review of human infections due to Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., and Scopulariopsis spp. J Chemother. 15 Suppl 2:5-15.

     29.   Vander Straten, M. R., M. A. Hossain, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2003. Cutaneous infections dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, and tinea versicolor. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17:87-112.

     30.   Walsh, T. J., V. Petraitis, R. Petraitiene, A. Field-Ridley, D. Sutton, M. Ghannoum, T. Sein, R. Schaufele, J. Peter, J. Bacher, H. Casler, D. Armstrong, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. G. Rinaldi, and C. A. Lyman. 2003. Experimental pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus terreus: pathogenesis and treatment of an emerging fungal pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J Infect Dis 188:305-319.

     31.   Balkis, M. M., S. D. Leidich, P. K. Mukherjee, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2002. Mechanisms of fungal resistance: an overview. Drugs 62:1025-1040.

     32.             Elewski, B. E., C. M. El, K. D. Cooper, M. Ghannoum, and J. E. Birnbaum. 2002. Reactivity to trichophytin antigen in patients with onychomycosis: effect of terbinafine. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:371-375.

     33.             Ghannoum, M. A. and D. M. Kuhn. 2002. Voriconazole -- better chances for patients with invasive mycoses. Eur J Med Res 7:242-256.

     34.             Hossain, M. A., P. K. Mukherjee, G. Reyes, L. Long, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2002. Effects of fluconazole singly and in combination with 5-fluorocytosine or amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in an intracranial murine model. J Chemother. 14:351-360.

     35.   Kuhn, D. M., J. Chandra, P. K. Mukherjee, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2002. Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces. Infect Immun 70:878-888.

     36.   Kuhn, D. M., T. George, J. Chandra, P. K. Mukherjee, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2002. Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46:1773-1780.

     37.   Otieno, M. W., C. Banura, E. Katongole-Mbidde, J. L. Johnson, M. Ghannoum, A. Dowlati, R. Renne, E. Arts, C. Whalen, M. M. Lederman, and S. C. Remick. 2002. Therapeutic challenges of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the United States and East Africa. J Natl.Cancer Inst 94:718-732.

     38.   Smith, S. E., C. Csank, G. Reyes, M. A. Ghannoum, and V. Berlin. 2002. Candida albicans RHO1 is required for cell viability in vitro and in vivo. FEMS Yeast Res 2:103-111.

     39.             Chandra, J., D. M. Kuhn, P. K. Mukherjee, L. L. Hoyer, T. McCormick, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2001. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. J Bacteriol. 183:5385-5394.

     40.             Chandra, J., P. K. Mukherjee, S. D. Leidich, F. F. Faddoul, L. L. Hoyer, L. J. Douglas, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2001. Antifungal resistance of candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro. J Dent Res 80:903-908.

     41.   Cox, G. M., H. C. McDade, S. C. Chen, S. C. Tucker, M. Gottfredsson, L. C. Wright, T. C. Sorrell, S. D. Leidich, A. Casadevall, M. A. Ghannoum, and J. R. Perfect. 2001. Extracellular phospholipase activity is a virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol 39:166-175.

     42.   Espinel-Ingroff, A., M. Bartlett, V. Chaturvedi, M. Ghannoum, K. C. Hazen, M. A. Pfaller, M. Rinaldi, and T. J. Walsh. 2001. Optimal susceptibility testing conditions for detection of azole resistance in Aspergillus spp.: NCCLS collaborative evaluation. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45:1828-1835.

     43.             Ghannoum, M. A. 2001. Candida: a causative agent of an emerging infection. J Investig Dermatol Symp.Proc. 6:188-196.

     44.             Gottfredsson, M., C. J. Jessup, G. M. Cox, J. R. Perfect, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2001. Fungal phospholipase activity and susceptibility to lipid preparations of amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45:3231-3233.

     45.   Hawser, S. P., C. Jessup, J. Vitullo, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2001. Utility of 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenyl-amino)carbonyl]-2H-tet razolium hydroxide (XTT) and minimum effective concentration assays in the determination of antifungal susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus to the lipopeptide class compounds. J Clin Microbiol 39:2738-2741.

     46.             Hossain, M. A. and M. A. Ghannoum . 2001. New developments in chemotherapy for non-invasive fungal infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 10:1501-1511.

     47.   Liu, L., K. Kang, M. Takahara, K. D. Cooper, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2001. Hyphae and yeasts of Candida albicans differentially regulate interleukin-12 production by human blood monocytes: inhibitory role of C. albicans germination. Infect Immun 69:4695-4697.

     48.             Mukherjee, P. K., K. R. Seshan, S. D. Leidich, J. Chandra, G. T. Cole, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2001. Reintroduction of the PLB1 gene into Candida albicans restores virulence in vivo. Microbiology 147:2585-2597.

     49.   Rex, J. H., M. A. Pfaller, T. J. Walsh, V. Chaturvedi, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, L. L. Gosey, F. C. Odds, M. G. Rinaldi, D. J. Sheehan, and D. W. Warnock. 2001. Antifungal susceptibility testing: practical aspects and current challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:643-58, table.

     50.   Barry, A. L., M. A. Pfaller, S. D. Brown, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, C. Knapp, R. P. Rennie, J. H. Rex, and M. G. Rinaldi. 2000. Quality control limits for broth microdilution susceptibility tests of ten antifungal agents. J Clin Microbiol 38:3457-3459.

     51.             Ghannoum, M. A. 2000. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:122-43, table.

     52.             Ghannoum, M. A., R. A. Hajjeh, R. Scher, N. Konnikov, A. K. Gupta, R. Summerbell, S. Sullivan, R. Daniel, P. Krusinski, P. Fleckman, P. Rich, R. Odom, R. Aly, D. Pariser, M. Zaiac, G. Rebell, J. Lesher, B. Gerlach, G. F. Ponce-De-Leon, A. Ghannoum, J. Warner, N. Isham, and B. Elewski. 2000. A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. J Am Acad Dermatol 43:641-648.

     53.             Hossain, M. A. and M. A. Ghannoum . 2000. New investigational antifungal agents for treating invasive fungal infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9:1797-1813.

     54.   Jessup, C., G. Reyes, A. Fothergill, D. McCarthy, M. Rinaldi, S. Messer, M. Pfaller, and M. Ghannoum. 2000. A head-on comparison of the in vitro antifungal activity of conventional and lipid-based amphotericin B: a multicenter study. J Chemother. 12 :22-29.

     55.   Jessup, C. J., N. S. Ryder, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. An evaluation of the in vitro activity of terbinafine. Med Mycol. 38:155-159.

     56.   Jessup, C. J., J. Warner, N. Isham, I. Hasan, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: establishing a medium for inducing conidial growth and evaluation of susceptibility of clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 38 :341-344.

     57.   Neely, M. N. and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. The exciting future of antifungal therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19:897-914.

     58.   Reyes, G. and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. Antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: uses and limitations. Drug Resist.Updat. 3:14-19.

     59.   Walsh, T. J., M. A. Viviani, E. Arathoon, C. Chiou, M. Ghannoum, A. H. Groll, and F. C. Odds. 2000. New targets and delivery systems for antifungal therapy. Med Mycol. 38 Suppl 1:335-347.

     60.   Xiong, J., K. Kang, L. Liu, Y. Yoshida, K. D. Cooper, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. Candida albicans and Candida krusei differentially induce human blood mononuclear cell interleukin-12 and gamma interferon production. Infect Immun 68:2464-2469.

     61.   Bradley, M. C., S. Leidich, N. Isham, B. E. Elewski, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1999. Antifungal susceptibilities and genetic relatedness of serial Trichophyton rubrum isolates from patients with onychomycosis of the toenail. Mycoses 42 Suppl 2:105-110.

     62.   Espinel-Ingroff, A., M. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, C. C. Knapp, S. Killian, H. A. Norris, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1999. Multicenter comparison of the sensititre YeastOne Colorimetric Antifungal Panel with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory standards M27-A reference method for testing clinical isolates of common and emerging Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and other yeasts and yeast-like organisms. J Clin Microbiol 37:591-595.

     63.             Ghannoum, M. A., I. Okogbule-Wonodi, N. Bhat, and H. Sanati. 1999. Antifungal activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), fluconazole and amphotericin B against hematogenous Candida krusei infection in neutropenic guinea pig model. J Chemother. 11:34-39.

     64.             Ghannoum, M. A. and B. Elewski. 1999. Successful treatment of fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis by a combination of fluconazole and terbinafine. Clin Diagn.Lab Immunol. 6:921-923.

     65.             Ghannoum, M. A. and L. B. Rice. 1999. Antifungal agents: mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:501-517.

     66.   Koul, A., J. Vitullo, G. Reyes, and M. Ghannoum. 1999. Effects of voriconazole on Candida glabrata in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother. 44:109-112.

     67.   Norris, H. A., B. E. Elewski, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1999. Optimal growth conditions for the determination of the antifungal susceptibility of three species of dermatophytes with the use of a microdilution method. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:S9-13.

     68.   Pfaller, M. A., J. Zhang, S. A. Messer, M. E. Brandt, R. A. Hajjeh, C. J. Jessup, M. Tumberland, E. K. Mbidde, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1999. In vitro activities of voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole against 566 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from the United States and Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 43:169-171.

     69.             Powderly, W. G., J. E. Gallant, M. A. Ghannoum, K. H. Mayer, E. E. Navarro, and J. R. Perfect. 1999. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV: suggested guidelines for therapy. AIDS Res Hum.Retroviruses 15:1619-1623.

     70.             Sugiyama, Y., S. Nakashima, F. Mirbod, H. Kanoh, Y. Kitajima, M. A. Ghannoum, and Y. Nozawa. 1999. Molecular cloning of a second phospholipase B gene, caPLB2 from Candida albicans. Med Mycol. 37:61-67.

     71.   Fratti, R. A., P. H. Belanger, H. Sanati, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1998. The effect of the new triazole, voriconazole (UK-109,496), on the interactions of Candida albicans and Candida krusei with endothelial cells. J Chemother. 10:7-16.

     72.   Fratti, R. A., P. H. Belanger, M. A. Ghannoum, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and S. G. Filler. 1998. Endothelial cell injury caused by Candida albicans is dependent on iron. Infect Immun 66:191-196.

     73.   Fu, Y., S. G. Filler, B. J. Spellberg, W. Fonzi, A. S. Ibrahim, T. Kanbe, M. A. Ghannoum, and J. E. Edwards, Jr. 1998. Cloning and characterization of CAD1/AAF1, a gene from Candida albicans that induces adherence to endothelial cells after expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Infect Immun 66:2078-2084.

     74.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1998. Extracellular phospholipases as universal virulence factor in pathogenic fungi. Nippon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 39:55-59.

     75.   Hawser, S. P., H. Norris, C. J. Jessup, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1998. Comparison of a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-t etrazolium hydroxide (XTT) colorimetric method with the standardized National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards method of testing clinical yeast isolates for susceptibility to antifungal agents. J Clin Microbiol 36:1450-1452.

     76.   Jessup, C. J., M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, J. Zhang, M. Tumberland, E. K. Mbidde, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1998. Fluconazole susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans: comparison of two broth microdilution methods and clinical correlates among isolates from Ugandan AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 36:2874-2876.

     77.   Leidich, S. D., A. S. Ibrahim, Y. Fu, A. Koul, C. Jessup, J. Vitullo, W. Fonzi, F. Mirbod, S. Nakashima, Y. Nozawa, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1998. Cloning and disruption of caPLB1, a phospholipase B gene involved in the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. J Biol Chem 273:26078-26086.

     78.   Lozano-Chiu, M., V. L. Paetznick, M. A. Ghannoum, and J. H. Rex. 1998. Detection of resistance to amphotericin B among Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates: performances of three different media assessed by using E-test and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A methodologies. J Clin Microbiol 36:2817-2822.

     79.             Muhlschlegal, F., W. Fonzi, L. Hoyer, T. Payne, F. M. Poulet, J. Clevenger, J. P. Latge, J. Calera, A. Beauvais, S. Paris, M. Monod, J. Sturtevant, M. Ghannoum, Y. Nozawa, and R. Calderone. 1998. Molecular mechanisms of virulence in fungus-host interactions for Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Med Mycol. 36 Suppl 1:238-248.

     80.   Odds, F. C., G. F. Van, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. S. Bartlett, M. A. Ghannoum, M. V. Lancaster, M. A. Pfaller, J. H. Rex, M. G. Rinaldi, and T. J. Walsh. 1998. Evaluation of possible correlations between antifungal susceptibilities of filamentous fungi in vitro and antifungal treatment outcomes in animal infection models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42:282-288.

     81.   Orozco, A. S., L. M. Higginbotham, C. A. Hitchcock, T. Parkinson, D. Falconer, A. S. Ibrahim, M. A. Ghannoum, and S. G. Filler. 1998. Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida krusei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42:2645-2649.

     82.   Pfaller, M., J. Zhang, S. Messer, M. Tumberland, E. Mbidde, C. Jessup, and M. Ghannoum. 1998. Molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Ugandan AIDS patients. Diagn.Microbiol Infect Dis 32:191-199.

     83.   Pfaller, M. A., S. A. Messer, R. J. Hollis, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, H. Plavan, S. B. Killian, and C. C. Knapp. 1998. Multisite reproducibility of MIC results by the Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric antifungal susceptibility panel. Diagn.Microbiol Infect Dis 31:543-547.

     84.             Belanger, P., C. C. Nast, R. Fratti, H. Sanati, and M. Ghannoum. 1997. Voriconazole (UK-109,496) inhibits the growth and alters the morphology of fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:1840-1842.

     85.             Edwards, J. E., Jr., G. P. Bodey, R. A. Bowden, T. Buchner, B. E. de Pauw, S. G. Filler, M. A. Ghannoum, M. Glauser, R. Herbrecht, C. A. Kauffman, S. Kohno, P. Martino, F. Meunier, T. Mori, M. A. Pfaller, J. H. Rex, T. R. Rogers, R. H. Rubin, J. Solomkin, C. Viscoli, T. J. Walsh, and M. White. 1997. International Conference for the Development of a Consensus on the Management and Prevention of Severe Candidal Infections. Clin Infect Dis 25:43-59.

     86.   Fu, Y., A. S. Ibrahim, W. Fonzi, X. Zhou, C. F. Ramos, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1997. Cloning and characterization of a gene (LIP1) which encodes a lipase from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Microbiology 143 ( Pt 2):331-340.

     87.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1997. Susceptibility testing of fungi and correlation with clinical outcome. J Chemother. 9 Suppl 1:19-24.

     88.   Rex, J. H., M. A. Pfaller, J. N. Galgiani, M. S. Bartlett, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, M. Lancaster, F. C. Odds, M. G. Rinaldi, T. J. Walsh, and A. L. Barry. 1997. Development of interpretive breakpoints for antifungal susceptibility testing: conceptual framework and analysis of in vitro-in vivo correlation data for fluconazole, itraconazole, and candida infections. Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Clin Infect Dis 24:235-247.

     89.   Sanati, H., C. F. Ramos, A. S. Bayer, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1997. Combination therapy with amphotericin B and fluconazole against invasive candidiasis in neutropenic-mouse and infective-endocarditis rabbit models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:1345-1348.

     90.   Sanati, H., P. Belanger, R. Fratti, and M. Ghannoum. 1997. A new triazole, voriconazole (UK-109,496), blocks sterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:2492-2496.

     91.   Bayer, A. S., M. D. Witt, E. Kim, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1996. Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B in prophylaxis of experimental Candida endocarditis caused by non-C. albicans strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 40:494-496.

     92.   Fratti, R. A., M. A. Ghannoum, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and S. G. Filler. 1996. Gamma interferon protects endothelial cells from damage by Candida albicans by inhibiting endothelial cell phagocytosis. Infect Immun 64:4714-4718.

     93.             Ghannoum, M. A., J. H. Rex, and J. N. Galgiani. 1996. Susceptibility testing of fungi: current status of correlation of in vitro data with clinical outcome. J Clin Microbiol 34:489-495.

     94.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1996. Is antifungal susceptibility testing useful in guiding fluconazole therapy? Clin Infect Dis 22 Suppl 2:S161-S165.

     95.   Mirbod, F., S. Nakashima, Y. Kitajima, M. A. Ghannoum, R. D. Cannon, and Y. Nozawa. 1996. Molecular cloning of a gene encoding translation initiation factor (TIF) from Candida albicans. J Med Vet.Mycol. 34:393-400.

     96.   Sanati, H., S. A. Messer, M. Pfaller, M. Witt, R. Larsen, A. Espinel-Ingroff, and M. Ghannoum. 1996. Multicenter evaluation of broth microdilution method for susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans against fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 34:1280-1282.

     97.   Witt, M. D., R. J. Lewis, R. A. Larsen, E. N. Milefchik, M. A. Leal, R. H. Haubrich, J. A. Richie, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and M. A. Ghannoum. 1996. Identification of patients with acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis who can be effectively treated with fluconazole: the role of antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Infect Dis 22:322-328.

     98.             Yeaman, M. R., S. S. Soldan, M. A. Ghannoum, J. E. Edwards, Jr., S. G. Filler, and A. S. Bayer. 1996. Resistance to platelet microbicidal protein results in increased severity of experimental Candida albicans endocarditis. Infect Immun 64:1379-1384.

     99.   Currie, B., H. Sanati, A. S. Ibrahim, J. E. Edwards, Jr., A. Casadevall, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1995. Sterol compositions and susceptibilities to amphotericin B of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolates are changed by murine passage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39:1934-1937.

   100.             Ghannoum, M. A., Y. Fu, A. S. Ibrahim, L. A. Mortara, M. C. Shafiq, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and R. S. Criddle. 1995. In vitro determination of optimal antifungal combinations against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39:2459-2465.

   101.             Ghannoum, M. A., B. Spellberg, S. M. Saporito-Irwin, and W. A. Fonzi. 1995. Reduced virulence of Candida albicans PHR1 mutants. Infect Immun 63:4528-4530.

   102.   Ibrahim, A. S., F. Mirbod, S. G. Filler, Y. Banno, G. T. Cole, Y. Kitajima, J. E. Edwards, Jr., Y. Nozawa, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1995. Evidence implicating phospholipase as a virulence factor of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 63:1993-1998.

   103.   Ibrahim, A. S., S. G. Filler, M. S. Alcouloumre, T. R. Kozel, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and M. A. Ghannoum. 1995. Adherence to and damage of endothelial cells by Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro: role of the capsule. Infect Immun 63:4368-4374.

   104.   Mirbod, F., Y. Banno, M. A. Ghannoum, A. S. Ibrahim, S. Nakashima, Y. Kitajima, G. T. Cole, and Y. Nozawa. 1995. Purification and characterization of lysophospholipase-transacylase (h-LPTA) from a highly virulent strain of Candida albicans. Biochim.Biophys Acta 1257:181-188.

   105.   Filler, S. G., B. O. Ibe, A. S. Ibrahim, M. A. Ghannoum, J. U. Raj, and J. E. Edwards, Jr. 1994. Mechanisms by which Candida albicans induces endothelial cell prostaglandin synthesis. Infect Immun 62:1064-1069.

   106.             Ghannoum, M. A., B. J. Spellberg, A. S. Ibrahim, J. A. Ritchie, B. Currie, E. D. Spitzer, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and A. Casadevall. 1994. Sterol composition of Cryptococcus neoformans in the presence and absence of fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 38:2029-2033.

   107.             Yeaman, M. R., P. M. Sullam, P. F. Dazin, M. A. Ghannoum, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and A. S. Bayer. 1994. Fluconazole and platelet microbicidal protein inhibit Candida adherence to platelets in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 38:1460-1465.

   108.             Alcouloumre, M. S., M. A. Ghannoum, A. S. Ibrahim, M. E. Selsted, and J. E. Edwards, Jr. 1993. Fungicidal properties of defensin NP-1 and activity against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 37:2628-2632.

   109.   Ibrahim, A. S., S. G. Filler, M. A. Ghannoum, and J. E. Edwards, Jr. 1993. Interferon-gamma protects endothelial cells from damage by Candida albicans. J Infect Dis 167 :1467-1470.

   110.             Yeaman, M. R., A. S. Ibrahim, J. E. Edwards, Jr., A. S. Bayer, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1993. Thrombin-induced rabbit platelet microbicidal protein is fungicidal in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 37:546-553.

   111.             Ghannoum, M. A., A. S. Ibrahim, Y. Fu, M. C. Shafiq, J. E. Edwards, Jr., and R. S. Criddle. 1992. Susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans: a microdilution technique. J Clin Microbiol 30:2881-2886.

   112.             Ghannoum, M. A., S. G. Filler, A. S. Ibrahim, Y. Fu, and J. E. Edwards, Jr. 1992. Modulation of interactions of Candida albicans and endothelial cells by fluconazole and amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36:2239-2244.

   113.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1992. Candida albicans antifungal-resistant strains: studies on adherence and other pathogenicity related characteristics. Mycoses 35:131-139.

   114.             Ghannoum, M. A., N. M. Moussa, P. Whittaker, I. Swairjo, and K. H. bu-Elteen. 1992. Subinhibitory concentration of octenidine and pirtenidine: influence on the lipid and sterol contents of Candida albicans. Chemotherapy 38:46-56.

   115.             Ghannoum, M. A., K. bu-Elteen, A. Ibrahim, and R. Stretton. 1991. Protection against Candida albicans gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination by saccharides in experimental animals. Microbios 67:95-105.

   116.   Ellabib, M., M. A. Ghannoum, and P. A. Whittaker. 1990. Effects of the pyridinamines octenidine and pirtenidine on yeast mitochondrial function. Biochem Soc Trans. 18:342-343.

   117.             Ghannoum, M. A. and K. H. bu-Elteen. 1990. Pathogenicity determinants of Candida. Mycoses 33:265-282.

   118.             Ghannoum, M. A., E. K. Abu, R. J. Stretton, and P. A. Whittaker. 1990. Effects of octenidine and pirtenidine on adhesion of Candida species to human buccal epithelial cells in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 35:249-253.

   119.             Ghannoum, M. A., K. A. Elteen, M. Ellabib, and P. A. Whittaker. 1990. Antimycotic effects of octenidine and pirtenidine. J Antimicrob Chemother. 25:237-245.

   120.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1990. Inhibition of Candida adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Allium sativum (garlic). J Appl.Bacteriol. 68:163-169.

   121.             Ghannoum, M. A., K. H. bu-Elteen, M. S. Motawy, M. A. bu-Hatab, A. S. Ibrahim, and R. S. Criddle. 1990. Combinations of antifungal and antineoplastic drugs with interactive effects on inhibition of yeast growth. Chemotherapy 36:308-320.

   122.             Ghannoum, M. A., I. Swairjo, and D. R. Soll. 1990. Variation in lipid and sterol contents in Candida albicans white and opaque phenotypes. J Med Vet.Mycol. 28:103-115.

   123.             Moussa, N. M., M. A. Ghannoum, P. A. Whittaker, M. S. el-Ezaby, and S. Quraman. 1990. Effects of cisplatin and two novel palladium complexes on Candida albicans. Microbios 62:165-178.

   124.             Sorkhoh, N. A., M. A. Ghannoum, A. S. Ibrahim, R. J. Stretton, and S. S. Radwan. 1990. Crude oil and hydrocarbon-degrading strains of Rhodococcus rhodochrous isolated from soil and marine environments in Kuwait. Environ.Pollut. 65:1-17.

   125.             Sorkhoh, N. A., M. A. Ghannoum, A. S. Ibrahim, R. J. Stretton, and S. S. Radwan. 1990. Growth of Candida albicans on hydrocarbons: influence on lipids and sterols. Microbios 64:159-171.

   126.             Ghannoum, M., E. K. Abu, and N. R. el-Rayyes. 1989. Antimicrobial activity of some 2-aminopyrimidines. Microbios 60:23-33.

   127.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. S. Motawy, M. A. bu Hatab, K. H. bu Elteen, and R. S. Criddle. 1989. Interactive effects of antifungal and antineoplastic agents on yeasts commonly prevalent in cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 33:726-730.

   128.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. S. Motawy, M. A. bu Hatab, A. S. Ibrahim, and R. S. Criddle. 1989. Multifactorial analysis of effects of interactions among antifungal and antineoplastic drugs on inhibition of Candida albicans growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 33:717-725.

   129.             Ghannoum, M. A., K. H. bu-Elteen, and M. S. Motawy. 1988. Effect of antineoplastic agents and X-irradiation on the adherence of Candida spp. to human buccal epithelial cells in vitro. Mycopathologia 104:171-180.

   130.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1988. Studies on the anticandidal mode of action of Allium sativum (garlic). J Gen.Microbiol 134:2917-2924.

   131.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1988. Mechanisms potentiating Candida infections. A review. Mycoses 31:543-557.

   132.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. Thomson, C. D. Beadle, and W. R. Bowman. 1988. Antibacterial activity of some alpha-substituted 2-methyl-5-nitrofurans. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 33:198-207.

   133.             Ghannoum, M. A., K. bu el-Teen, and S. S. Radwan. 1987. Blocking adherence of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells by yeast glycolipids, yeast wall lipids and lipids from epithelial cells. Mykosen 30:371-378.

   134.             Ghannoum, M. A. and K. A. Elteen . 1987. Effect of growth of Candida spp. in the presence of various glucocorticoids on the adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Mycopathologia 98:171-178.

   135.             Ghannoum, M., M. Thomson, W. Bowman, and S. Al-Khalil. 1986. Mode of action of the antimicrobial compound 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane (bronidox). Folia Microbiol (Praha) 31:19-31.

   136.             Ghannoum, M. and E. K. Abu. 1986. Correlative relationship between proteinase production, adherence and pathogenicity of various strains of Candida albicans. J Med Vet.Mycol. 24:407-413.

   137.             Ghannoum, M. A., G. R. Burns, K. A. Elteen, and S. S. Radwan. 1986. Experimental evidence for the role of lipids in adherence of Candida spp. to human buccal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 54:189-193.

   138.             Ghannoum, M. A. 1986. Effects of antineoplastic agents on growth, morphology and metabolism of Torulopsis glabrata. Mycopathologia 95:175-181.

   139.             Ghannoum, M. A., G. Janini, L. Khamis, and S. S. Radwan. 1986. Dimorphism-associated variations in the lipid composition of Candida albicans. J Gen.Microbiol 132:2367-2375.

   140.             Ghannoum, M., G. Burns, and E. K. Abu. 1985. Growth of Candida albicans in dexamethasone-supplemented media. Sabouraudia. 23:313-315.

   141.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. S. Motawy, A. L. Mubarak, and H. A. Al-Awadhi. 1985. Incidence and susceptibility of yeasts isolated from cancer patients in Kuwait. Mykosen 28:619-624.

   142.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. Khattar, F. Kayed, and P. Shridar. 1985. The influence of antineoplastic agents on experimental candidosis in mice. Mykosen 28:369-387.

   143.             Ghannoum, M. A., M. S. Motawy, A. L. Al-Mubarek, and H. A. Al-Awadhi. 1985. Candida albicans strain differentiation in cancer patients undergoing therapy. Mykosen 28:388-393.

   144.             Ghannoum, M. A., W. R. Bowman, and M. Valmas. 1985. Antimicrobial activity of some heterocyclic derivatives of 1-methyl-1-nitroethyl sulphides. Microbios 42:211-223.

   145.             Ghannoum, M. A., S. Mudher, and G. Burns. 1985. Incorporation of dexamethasone by Candida albicans. Microbios 42:103-109.

   146.             Ghannoum, M. A. and A. Al-Khars. 1984. Effect of antineoplastic agents on the growth and ultrastructure of Candida albicans. Mykosen 27:452-464.

   147.             Ghannoum, M. A., H. F. Sharif, and H. Al-Gharreer. 1984. Sensitivity of clinical yeast isolates in Kuwait against a number of antifungal agents. Mykosen 27:402-410.

   148.             Ghannoum, M. A., N. F. Eweiss, A. A. Bahajaj, and M. A. Qureshi. 1983. Antimicrobial activity of some thiol-containing heterocycles. Microbios 37:151-159.

   149.             Ghannoum, M. A., K. E. Moore, M. Al-Dulaimi, and M. Nasr. 1981. The incidence of water-related diseases in the Brak area, Libya from 1977 to 1979, before and after the installation of water treatment plants. Zentralbl.Bakteriol.Mikrobiol.Hyg [B] 173:501-508.

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